咄々逼人

The glyph 咄 is pronounced 咄 (totsu) in Japanese and 咄 (dol) in Korean, but it is pronounced as pronounced duò in Taiwan.duō in Mandarin. The word 咄嗟 is formed when it is juxtaposed with the mood particle 嗟 (jiē). In Chinese 咄嗟 can either mean very act of shouting angrily (similar to 呵叱 | 吆喝 | 叱吒) or a small amount of time ( saap³si⁴gaan¹ or seoi¹jyu⁴gaan¹).

醬爆咄嗟叱吒道：包租婆！包租婆！點解霎時間會冇水呢？

In Korean and Japanese, however, 咄嗟 (tossa | dolcha) is exclusively employed to denote small chronological lapses. This exclusive Japanese/Korean usage is an linguistic fossil indicating that 咄嗟 is probably a foreign loanword.

Indeed, the Indian base unit of time त्रुटि can be approximately transcribed with 出差. In Sūrya Siddhānta (Indian Book of the Sun, circa 5th century), we were given the following definition:

$$1\;{\rm truṭi} = \frac{1}{30} \times \frac{1}{18} \times \frac{1}{30} \times \frac{1}{100} = \frac{2^3}{60^4} \; {\rm kalā}$$

A The Malays borrowed kala from the Indians and use it not as a specific time period, but as generic calendrical windows (of arbitrary length). For example, the translation of periodic table is ‘jadual berkala'.



Shown above is Shāni शनि, the son of Suria and his wife, Dhamini, the Goddess of Kālā. Shāni's dark skin complexion prompted the Sun God, Suria सूर्य, to ask the question: Are you my biological son? At this point, Suria must be reminded of the fact that Shāni's mother was Chāyā (छाया), a shadow (the dark light) cloned from Suria's wife, Sanjya संज्ञा, and this can help to justify Shāni's skin tone.kalā, on the other hand, is a tiny fraction of a sidereal day:

$$1\;{\rm kalā} = \frac{2^1}{60^2} \; {\rm sidereal\,day}$$

Since 1 kalā is approximately 48 seconds, 1 truṭi is approximately 29.6 microseconds (or 33.75 kHz).

In the Dictionary commissioned by Emperor Kangxi 康熙 (1716), we were given the following pronunciation guide: 【唐韻 | 集韻 | 韻會 | 正韻】當沒切，敦入聲。 It shows that the glyph has a checked tone 入聲 ending with -t, which is consistent with its Japanese onyomi (とつ). In Cantonese, we were given two options: deot¹ (similarly to the pronounciation recommended by Kangxi Dictionary) or cyut³, for instance, a Cantonese speaker may render 咄々逼人as cyut³cyut³bik¹jan⁴ (but not deot¹deot¹bik¹jan⁴). The checked tone is skipped in Mandarin and the glyph is simply rendered as duō (in mainland China) and duò (in Taiwan). Technically, the Taiwanese pronounciation is a better emulation of the checked tone.

If simplify the math, one can assume that the shape of an egg-shaped millet grain is spherical and write: \(60\times 10^4 \times \frac{4}{3}\pi\left(\frac{1}{2}D_{\rm 粟}\right)^3 = 1\times 10^{-3} \;{\rm m}^3\) and obtain the spherical diameter of the millet grain as \(D_{\rm 粟}=1.47\;{\rm mm}\), which is reasonably close to the following distributions: \(\ell\in[1.8,2.5]\), \(w\in[1.3,1.5]\).

Incidentally, the word 撮 (micro-\(\mathbb{R}^3\)), a homologue of 咄 (micro-\(t\)), is sometimes associated with microstate of spacetime. For instance, in Sūnzǐ Suànjīng 孫子算經, we have the following conversion:

量之所起起于粟。六粟為一圭，十圭為一撮，十撮為一抄，十抄為一勺，十勺為一合，十合為一升，十升為一斗，十斗為一斛。

which is essentially:

$$60\;\textrm{millet grains} = 1\;{\rm cyut} = \frac{1}{10^4}\;\textrm{shēng}$$

If we assume a chinese quart (sheng) is approximately 1,000 milliliter, 1 cyut³ is approximately 100 microliter. Thus, in summary:

$$ 1\;{\rm cyut} = \begin{cases}100\;{\rm microliter} & x \in \mathbb{R}^3\\ 30\;{\rm microsecond} & x \in t\end{cases}$$

Glyph	Mandarin	Cantonese	Example
撮	cuō	cyut3	撮合 = cyut3hap6 = cuōhé
撮	cuō	cyut3	三撮 = saam1cyut3 = sāncuō
撮	zuǒ	cyut3	三撮 = saam1cyut3 = sānzuǒ