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Bernoulli's analysis of gas particles (1738)

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On the properties and motions of elastic fluids, especially of air Now that we are considering elastic fluids, we may assign to them a law which agrees with all observed properties thus far. This will allow us to investigate properties that remain insufficiently explored. The main properties of elastic fluids are as follows: They have weight. They expand in all directions unless confined. They can be increasingly compressed under growing compressive forces. Air is thus constructed in this way, and it is with air in particular that our present reflections are concerned. Imagine, then, a cylindrical vessel placed vertically, \(ACDB\) (Figure 56), and within it a movable lid \(EF\), upon which a weight \(P\) rests from above. Let the cavity \(ECDF\) contain tiny particles, agitated back and forth with extremely rapid motion. Thus, as these particl...

Whoever says Industrial Revolution says cotton

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The East India Company, established in 1600, was founded to capitalize on the early waves of globalization initiated about a century earlier by Iberian explorers. By the 1660s, the Company had begun shipping cotton textiles from a key port on the Malabar Coast. The orthographically correct spelling of the name of the port is Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട്), though the phonetically correct way to handle the word is Kōḻikkōṭ u . The British anglicized the toponym to Calicut, and over time, began referring to the cotton fabrics imported from there as calicoes, naming them after the city itself, much like how Muslins from Dhaka came to be known as Bengals. In this Maleficent (2014) scene, Aurora is moments away from touching the sharp spindle of a single-thread processor. In the traditional Indian spinning wheel (\(n = 1\)), the spindle is positioned horiz...

Persekutuan Tanah-tanah Melayu

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I. Persekutuan Although the Dravidian word kūṭu கூடு is homophonically similar to the Malay word kutu کوتو , the Indic word is not a reference to the wingless parasitic insect of the order Phthiraptera. Wilkinson (1901) was clearly able to differentiate between the Malay kutu کوتو dan Dravidian kūṭu கூடு. In p. 544, we have the following entry: I. A louse; an insect parasite; (by metaphor) a parasite generally, a man who lives on another. Di-mana kutu mahu makan kalau tidak di-kepala : where is a louse to feed if not on the heads of others; how is a prince's parasite to live except by plundering others in his master's service; Proverb: Kutu berperang denga geroda : the louse is warring on the eagle; a proverb ridiculing vain boasting. Kutu anjing : a flea; (sometimes) a tick. Kutu babi : a bug. Kutu bidok : the insects in the timbers of an ill-kept boat. Kutu pajak : a vagra...

Tuhan × Tuan + Tuha × Tua + Tuah

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Part I. Tuhan توهن and tuan تون In Old Javanese, tuhan (2047:2) means otonagata , shujin , shukun , master, superior, lord, or person in authority. The word is also used to affectionately address a woman (the wife, the beloved) or a child. The following five examples are given by Zoetmulder (1982). View this post on Instagram A post shared by @japanese_armor_society In Uttarakāṇḍa 46.22, we have: saṅ rākṣasa pati saṅ tuhan ta (The venerable Lord of Demons, the revered Master of Us All). In Ślokāntara (Sharada Rani 1957) 36.12: hana kawula hana tuhan (There exists the slave, and there exists the master). In Arjunawijaya (Supomo 1977) 41.1, we have: tuhan kw induṅ saṅ lwir hyaṅ i lĕṅĕṅ i lĕṅlĕṅ niṅ udadhi (My lord is the sheltering one, like a deity dwe...

But Tuan Douglas said the market square is mine to keep (1883)

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From Yap Tek Loy Captain China To the Tuan Besar 4th Moon 5th day 11th May 1883 After Compliments Your Petitioner Yap Tek Loy in obedience to order begs that your benignity and patronage be unfolded. That on the 29th December 1882, 11th moon 20th day, your Petitioner received a letter from Tuan Governor about the present market place to be given up to the Government after your Petitioner's death and cannot be preserved for his posterity. Formerly Capt. Douglas ordered Your Petitioner to pull down several shop houses and made into a market and rented out to provision sellers. This your Petitioner obeyed but could not be helped in wasting money and labor, at that time, Capt. Douglas said that if after your Petitioner's death the market to be removed to any place where the Government likes, but ground...